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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people suffering from ADHD have comorbid disorders such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues, 2006). Many patients are not responsive to medications for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. The most effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD appear to increase and balance levels of certain neurotransmitters, which are brain chemicals. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are frequently prescribed. Medicines A variety of medications used to treat ADHD in children can also be used in adults. However, the dosages are different and the drugs may cause side effects that are not typical of children. The doctor will look at the medical history, family health history and other factors of the individual to determine which medication is most appropriate for the patient. The most common kind of ADHD medication is stimulant and is used to regulate levels of two chemical messengers within the brain, norepinephrine as well as dopamine. Stimulants like methylphenidate (also known as Adderall), and dextroamphetamine increase the availability of neurotransmitters, which help improve focus, reduce impulsivity and reduce aggression. They are available in a variety of forms such as chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are more effective because they lead to greater patient compliance and a longer lasting and smoother improvement in symptoms. It is important to keep in mind that comorbid conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders can influence the response to ADHD medication. Therefore it is recommended that mental health issues be treated first, and then medication utilized as a secondary measure. The medications that can be used to treat comorbid disorders of mood are atomoxetine (Bupropion), tricyclic antidepressants and bupropion (Wilens 2004). Some patients may experience a “rebound” effect, where they experience an increase in ADHD symptoms after stopping stimulant medication. In these instances, a short-term trial of a low-dose stimulant medication may prove beneficial. Some people cannot tolerate stimulant drugs or are not able to take them due to addiction or other health issues, for example, heart problems that are severe or hypertension. In these cases, nonstimulant medications like atomoxetine (Strattera) and viloxazine (Qelbree) can be effective. These drugs do not have the same amount of side effects as stimulants, and are a lower risk for misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy (talk therapy) is a great option for those with ADHD. It can help them learn skills to improve their life, deal with anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, and manage problems in relationships or at work. It can also assist those suffering from mental illness that are co-existing such as depression and substance abuse disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the idea that beliefs and thoughts can influence how a person behaves, thinks and feels. CBT helps individuals identify negative behaviors and thought patterns and then devise and implement positive strategies to change these. The use of meditation techniques in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help people concentrate on their thoughts and emotions, control impulses, and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, as well as other forms of psychotherapy that concentrate on the family history of a person could be beneficial for people with ADHD. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can assist with specific ADHD issues, like difficulties with schoolwork or interacting with other people. It can also assist in avoiding important dates and responsibilities, and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. It can help a person overcome the root issues like anxiety and depression that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help people discover healthy coping techniques and reduce stress. For instance exercise, sleep improvement, and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to a partner or family member who may be dealing with the effects of ADHD on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps families and couples learn to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients change their negative thoughts. It involves a skill-based dialog with a mental health professional to address the root causes of the symptoms. This treatment is designed to assist clients overcome their limitations and develop coping strategies that are compatible with their daily routines. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients to recognize harmful thoughts and help them develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. The process can be long. However, it's a good option for those who are not getting adequate relief from their medication. A recent RCT study found that when paired with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy on its own in reducing the severity of the core symptoms, emotional symptoms self-esteem, and social functioning of adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke et al., 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for people who suffer from more severe underlying problems. Therapists who provide this kind of treatment work with clients to develop an action plan to address the specific issues they face. They teach them a set of skills that are easy to learn and have a good chance of success. Charts are often used to monitor progress, and to reward positive behavior. In the case of an infant, this could be a daily journal which outlines the school activities or positive behaviors they need to accomplish and a system for tracking and earning rewards. The therapists can also discuss the possibility that negative consequences might be imposed if a child fails to complete their tasks. This can be done with care and encouragement. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative kind of psychotherapy that helps people change their thinking. This type of treatment can be effective for people who suffer from a variety of mental health issues which include depression. It's a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people recognize their negative thinking patterns and how they impact their moods. This type of therapy may also assist in the acquisition of psychological tools that are flexible and effective. adult adhd treatment was designed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. To do this, we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with the predictors of metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management and Evaluation). It was discovered that the comprehensive knowledge of people was linked to daily functioning in adults with ADHD but that regulatory processes were not. The predictive power of a model with predictors of metacognition was moderate, indicating that they could explain significant proportions of the variation in daily functioning for people with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an treatment that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that cause dysfunction and perpetuate states such as worry, rumination, or attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in reducing anxiety disorder, however it's still relatively in its infancy and more research is required to determine its efficacy for other disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of MCT to alleviate symptoms of illness anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat various disorders and is more effective than any other treatment. It is important to keep in mind that this isn't an effective treatment for ADHD but it could be employed as an alternative therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist works with all members of the family. All members can better understand the issues of the client and learn to assist their loved ones. It also helps them cope with their anger and develop better communication skills. Additionally, this type of therapy is helpful for addressing comorbidities such as depression or alcohol abuse, which are commonly seen alongside ADHD. The therapist will commence with an intake session in order to gain a clearer understanding of the family's view of the problem and assess their ability to intervene with the family. This can be done in person or online. The counselor will explain to each participant the nature of treatment as well as the rules and regulations for family therapy. A therapist who has worked with adults suffering from ADHD asks a lot questions to gain an understanding of their current symptoms, their past, and the impact they have on their family, work, and relationships. They will also ask if any other mental issues are present, such depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a structured form of counseling which teaches you to change your negative thinking patterns and manage your behavior. It focuses on improving self-esteem and self control by educating you on how to cope with stress and anger. This is a short-term solution that can be used in conjunction with other types psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help those with ADHD deal with emotional baggage from longstanding patterns of underachievement, failure academic struggles frequent job changes, and conflicts in relationships. It can teach strategies for coping with stress and stress reduction, and how to better manage your time and finances. It can be used to treat other comorbid conditions like mood and anxiety disorders, which are often seen alongside ADHD.